Index
array:33 [
"site" => Timber\Site {#7022
+id: null
+ID: null
+object_type: null
#wp_object: null
+admin_email: "info@tchak.be"
+blogname: null
+charset: "UTF-8"
+description: ""
+language: "fr_FR"
+multisite: false
+name: "Tchak"
+pingback: "https://tchak.be/wp/xmlrpc.php"
+pingback_url: "https://tchak.be/wp/xmlrpc.php"
+siteurl: null
+theme: Timber\Theme {#7023
+id: null
+ID: null
+object_type: null
+name: "Tchak"
+version: "1.0.0"
+parent: Timber\Theme {#7023}
+parent_slug: "tchak"
+slug: "tchak"
+uri: "https://tchak.be/app/themes/tchak"
-theme: WP_Theme {#7024
+update: false
-theme_root: "/var/www/tchak/www/tchak.be/web/app/themes"
-headers: array:17 [
"WC requires at least" => ""
"WC tested up to" => ""
"Woo" => ""
"Name" => "Tchak"
"ThemeURI" => ""
"Description" => "Theme to use with Timber"
"Author" => "Hypervision"
"AuthorURI" => ""
"Version" => "1.0.0"
"Template" => ""
"Status" => ""
"Tags" => ""
"TextDomain" => "tchak"
"DomainPath" => ""
"RequiresWP" => ""
"RequiresPHP" => ""
"UpdateURI" => ""
]
-headers_sanitized: array:2 [
"Name" => "Tchak"
"Version" => "1.0.0"
]
-block_theme: false
-name_translated: null
-errors: null
-stylesheet: "tchak"
-template: "tchak"
-parent: null
-theme_root_uri: "https://tchak.be/app/themes"
-textdomain_loaded: null
-cache_hash: "8f30869c71ab555295d4a8351d4ebbe1"
-block_template_folders: array:2 [
"wp_template" => "templates"
"wp_template_part" => "parts"
]
-default_template_folders: array:2 [
"wp_template" => "templates"
"wp_template_part" => "parts"
]
}
}
+title: "Tchak"
+url: "https://tchak.be"
+home_url: "https://tchak.be"
+site_url: "https://tchak.be/wp"
+rdf: "https://tchak.be/feed/rdf/"
+rss: "https://tchak.be/feed/rss/"
+rss2: "https://tchak.be/feed/"
+atom: "https://tchak.be/feed/atom/"
+blog_id: null
+domain: null
+path: null
+site_id: null
+registered: null
+last_updated: null
+public: null
+archived: null
+mature: null
+spam: null
+deleted: null
+lang_id: null
}
"theme" => Timber\Theme {#7023}
"user" => false
"http_host" => "https://tchak.be"
"wp_title" => "David Olivier, Author at Tchak"
"body_class" => "archive author author-david-olivier author-37 woocommerce-no-js"
"is_home" => false
"is_front_page" => false
"is_single" => false
"is_page" => false
"is_archive" => true
"is_search" => false
"is_category" => false
"is_tag" => false
"is_author" => true
"is_user_logged_in" => false
"layout" => "default"
"ajax" => array:2 [
"url" => "https://tchak.be/wp/wp-admin/admin-ajax.php"
"nonce" => "7767d835a7"
]
"options" => array:21 [
"blogpost_footer" => 411739
"comments_note" => "<p>Cet espace est le vôtre pour réagir, questionner et échanger. Merci de respecter notre\u{A0}<a href="https://tchak.be/charte-moderation-commentaires/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://tchak.be/actualites/notre-charte-relatives-aux-commentaires/&source=gmail&ust=1789501468952000&usg=AOvVaw3Sf8QRlaGDutusHDSXMqhC">charte des commentaires</a>.</p>\n"
"contact" => array:5 [
"email" => "info@tchak.be"
"address" => "Rue Céléstin Hastir 107, 5150 Floreffe"
"phone" => ""
"about" => "Tchak\u{A0}est un média d’investigation belge francophone piloté par une\u{A0}coopérative de presse. Son siège social est situé au 107, Rue Célestin Hastir, 5150 Floreffe. "
"cdj" => "Notre coopérative de presse est membre de l’Association pour l’autorégulation de la déontologie journalistique (AADJ/CDJ)."
]
"default_footer" => 171
"newsletter_list_id" => "1"
"newsletter_text" => "Une chouette façon de découvrir Tchak, d’apprivoiser notre ligne éditoriale et de voir en quoi nos enquêtes et nos articles peuvent vous intéresser."
"newsletter_title" => "Tchak dans votre boîte mail deux fois par mois"
"page_subscribe" => "https://tchak.be/abonnement-formules-type/"
"page_support" => "https://tchak.be/cofinancer-les-enquetes/"
"pages_blogpost" => array:1 [
"widget_list_id" => "df481d0e-cc77-4912-b77d-0c4c83e3276e"
]
"pages_post" => array:1 [
"widget_list_id" => "1c66bde5-4ce4-46ff-b32f-4e98b8dac5a4"
]
"paywall_form_text" => "Utilisez l’adresse e-mail associée à votre abonnement pour poursuivre votre lecture."
"paywall_form_title" => "Déjà abonné·e ? Connectez-vous"
"paywall_subscriptions" => array:3 [
0 => 878
1 => 877
2 => 410706
]
"paywall_text" => "Abonnez-vous pour poursuivre votre lecture et accéder à nos articles et numéros. Votre abonnement finance un journalisme combatif et fertile. Déjà abonné·e ? Connectez-vous plus bas."
"paywall_title" => "Vous voulez lire la suite ?"
"product_cat_footer" => 171
"product_footer" => false
"social" => array:4 [
"facebook" => "https://www.facebook.com/tchak.be/"
"twitter" => ""
"linkedin" => "https://www.linkedin.com/company/tchak-la-revue-paysanne-et-citoyenne/"
"instagram" => "https://www.instagram.com/tchak.be/"
]
"wc_page_create_account" => "https://tchak.be/mon-compte/creer-un-compte/"
"widgets" => array:2 [
0 => array:4 [
"title" => "Cet article vous a intéressé·e ?"
"text" => "Et si vous le faisiez découvrir à un·e de vos proches ? Offrez-lui Tchak pour un an. Une façon de faire circuler nos enquêtes et nos dossiers, tout en soutenant autrement notre média."
"link" => array:3 [
"title" => "Offrir un abo"
"url" => "https://tchak.be/abonnement-formules-type/"
"target" => ""
]
"uuid" => "1c66bde5-4ce4-46ff-b32f-4e98b8dac5a4"
]
1 => array:4 [
"title" => "Rejoignez la coopérative"
"text" => "Tchak ouvre son capital à un plus large public. À partir de 50 €, devenez coopérateur·rice et contribuez à donner une assise plus solide à notre média d’enquête. L’appel a obtenu le label Finance solidaire (Financité)."
"link" => array:3 [
"title" => "Découvrir l'appel"
"url" => "https://tchak.be/devenir-cooperateur·rice/"
"target" => ""
]
"uuid" => "df481d0e-cc77-4912-b77d-0c4c83e3276e"
]
]
]
"menus" => array:5 [
"primary" => Vision\Models\Menu {#7191
+id: 358
+ID: 358
+object_type: "term"
#wp_object: WP_Term {#7192
+term_id: 358
+name: "Principal"
+slug: "principal"
+term_group: 0
+term_taxonomy_id: 358
+taxonomy: "nav_menu"
+description: ""
+parent: 0
+count: 18
+filter: "raw"
}
+depth: 0
+items: array:5 [
0 => Timber\MenuItem {#7187
+id: 897
+ID: 897
+object_type: "post"
+children: []
+classes: array:6 [ …6]
+class: "menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current_page_parent menu-depth- menu-item-897"
+level: 0
+post_name: "parus-recemment"
+url: "https://tchak.be/articles/"
+type: "post_type"
#title: "Parus récemment"
+current: false
+current_item_parent: false
+current_item_ancestor: false
+object_id: "847"
+object: "page"
+post_author: "1"
+post_date: "2026-09-15 19:40:42"
+post_date_gmt: "2026-08-21 12:28:57"
+post_content: ""
+post_title: "Parus récemment"
+post_excerpt: ""
+post_status: "publish"
+comment_status: "closed"
+ping_status: "closed"
+post_password: ""
+to_ping: ""
+pinged: ""
+post_modified: "2026-09-15 19:40:42"
+post_modified_gmt: "2026-09-15 17:40:42"
+post_content_filtered: ""
+post_parent: 0
+guid: "https://tchak.be/?p=897"
+menu_order: 1
+post_type: "nav_menu_item"
+post_mime_type: ""
+comment_count: "0"
+filter: "raw"
#_name: ""
#_menu_item_url: null
#wp_object: WP_Post {#7132
+ID: 897
+post_author: "1"
+post_date: "2026-09-15 19:40:42"
+post_date_gmt: "2026-08-21 12:28:57"
+post_content: ""
+post_title: "Parus récemment"
+post_excerpt: ""
+post_status: "publish"
+comment_status: "closed"
+ping_status: "closed"
+post_password: ""
+post_name: "parus-recemment"
+to_ping: ""
+pinged: ""
+post_modified: "2026-09-15 19:40:42"
+post_modified_gmt: "2026-09-15 17:40:42"
+post_content_filtered: ""
+post_parent: 0
+guid: "https://tchak.be/?p=897"
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+post_type: "nav_menu_item"
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+comment_count: "0"
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+"db_id": 897
+"menu_item_parent": "0"
+"object_id": "847"
+"object": "page"
+"type": "post_type"
+"type_label": "Page"
+"url": "https://tchak.be/articles/"
+"title": "Parus récemment"
+"target": ""
+"attr_title": ""
+"description": ""
+"classes": array:5 [ …5]
+"xfn": ""
+"current": false
+"current_item_ancestor": false
+"current_item_parent": false
}
#menu: Vision\Models\Menu {#7191}
+"db_id": 897
+"menu_item_parent": "0"
+"type_label": "Page"
+"attr_title": ""
+"description": ""
+"xfn": ""
}
1 => Timber\MenuItem {#7649
+id: 411985
+ID: 411985
+object_type: "post"
+children: array:5 [ …5]
+classes: array:7 [ …7]
+class: "menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children has-dropdown menu-depth- menu-item-411985"
+level: 0
+post_name: "categories"
+url: "#"
+type: "custom"
#title: "Catégories"
+current: false
+current_item_parent: false
+current_item_ancestor: false
+object_id: "411985"
+object: "custom"
+post_author: "2"
+post_date: "2026-09-15 19:40:42"
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+post_content: ""
+post_title: "Catégories"
+post_excerpt: ""
+post_status: "publish"
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+ping_status: "closed"
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+to_ping: ""
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+post_content_filtered: ""
+post_parent: 0
+guid: "https://tchak.be/?p=411985"
+menu_order: 2
+post_type: "nav_menu_item"
+post_mime_type: ""
+comment_count: "0"
+filter: "raw"
#_name: ""
#_menu_item_url: null
#wp_object: WP_Post {#7131
+ID: 411985
+post_author: "2"
+post_date: "2026-09-15 19:40:42"
+post_date_gmt: "2026-09-15 17:32:31"
+post_content: ""
+post_title: "Catégories"
+post_excerpt: ""
+post_status: "publish"
+comment_status: "closed"
+ping_status: "closed"
+post_password: ""
+post_name: "categories"
+to_ping: ""
+pinged: ""
+post_modified: "2026-09-15 19:40:42"
+post_modified_gmt: "2026-09-15 17:40:42"
+post_content_filtered: ""
+post_parent: 0
+guid: "https://tchak.be/?p=411985"
+menu_order: 2
+post_type: "nav_menu_item"
+post_mime_type: ""
+comment_count: "0"
+filter: "raw"
+"db_id": 411985
+"menu_item_parent": "0"
+"object_id": "411985"
+"object": "custom"
+"type": "custom"
+"type_label": "Lien personnalisé"
+"title": "Catégories"
+"url": "#"
+"target": ""
+"attr_title": ""
+"description": ""
+"classes": array:5 [ …5]
+"xfn": ""
+"current": false
+"current_item_ancestor": false
+"current_item_parent": false
}
#menu: Vision\Models\Menu {#7191}
+"db_id": 411985
+"menu_item_parent": "0"
+"type_label": "Lien personnalisé"
+"attr_title": ""
+"description": ""
+"xfn": ""
}
2 => Timber\MenuItem {#7640
+id: 904
+ID: 904
+object_type: "post"
+children: array:4 [ …4]
+classes: array:7 [ …7]
+class: "menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children has-dropdown menu-depth- menu-item-904"
+level: 0
+post_name: "formats"
+url: "#"
+type: "custom"
#title: "Formats"
+current: false
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+current_item_ancestor: false
+object_id: "904"
+object: "custom"
+post_author: "1"
+post_date: "2026-09-15 19:40:42"
+post_date_gmt: "2026-08-21 12:28:57"
+post_content: ""
+post_title: "Formats"
+post_excerpt: ""
+post_status: "publish"
+comment_status: "closed"
+ping_status: "closed"
+post_password: ""
+to_ping: ""
+pinged: ""
+post_modified: "2026-09-15 19:40:42"
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+menu_order: 8
+post_type: "nav_menu_item"
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+comment_count: "0"
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#_name: ""
#_menu_item_url: null
#wp_object: WP_Post {#7125
+ID: 904
+post_author: "1"
+post_date: "2026-09-15 19:40:42"
+post_date_gmt: "2026-08-21 12:28:57"
+post_content: ""
+post_title: "Formats"
+post_excerpt: ""
+post_status: "publish"
+comment_status: "closed"
+ping_status: "closed"
+post_password: ""
+post_name: "formats"
+to_ping: ""
+pinged: ""
+post_modified: "2026-09-15 19:40:42"
+post_modified_gmt: "2026-09-15 17:40:42"
+post_content_filtered: ""
+post_parent: 0
+guid: "https://tchak.be/?p=904"
+menu_order: 8
+post_type: "nav_menu_item"
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+comment_count: "0"
+filter: "raw"
+"db_id": 904
+"menu_item_parent": "0"
+"object_id": "904"
+"object": "custom"
+"type": "custom"
+"type_label": "Lien personnalisé"
+"title": "Formats"
+"url": "#"
+"target": ""
+"attr_title": ""
+"description": ""
+"classes": array:5 [ …5]
+"xfn": ""
+"current": false
+"current_item_ancestor": false
+"current_item_parent": false
}
#menu: Vision\Models\Menu {#7191}
+"db_id": 904
+"menu_item_parent": "0"
+"type_label": "Lien personnalisé"
+"attr_title": ""
+"description": ""
+"xfn": ""
}
3 => Timber\MenuItem {#7635
+id: 909
+ID: 909
+object_type: "post"
+children: array:3 [ …3]
+classes: array:7 [ …7]
+class: "menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children has-dropdown menu-depth- menu-item-909"
+level: 0
+post_name: "tchak"
+url: "#"
+type: "custom"
#title: "Tchak"
+current: false
+current_item_parent: false
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+object_id: "909"
+object: "custom"
+post_author: "1"
+post_date: "2026-09-15 19:40:42"
+post_date_gmt: "2026-08-21 12:28:57"
+post_content: ""
+post_title: "Tchak"
+post_excerpt: ""
+post_status: "publish"
+comment_status: "closed"
+ping_status: "closed"
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+to_ping: ""
+pinged: ""
+post_modified: "2026-09-15 19:40:42"
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+post_parent: 0
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#_name: ""
#_menu_item_url: null
#wp_object: WP_Post {#7120
+ID: 909
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+post_date: "2026-09-15 19:40:42"
+post_date_gmt: "2026-08-21 12:28:57"
+post_content: ""
+post_title: "Tchak"
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+"object": "custom"
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+"xfn": ""
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+"current_item_parent": false
}
#menu: Vision\Models\Menu {#7191}
+"db_id": 909
+"menu_item_parent": "0"
+"type_label": "Lien personnalisé"
+"attr_title": ""
+"description": ""
+"xfn": ""
}
4 => Timber\MenuItem {#7631
+id: 913
+ID: 913
+object_type: "post"
+children: array:1 [ …1]
+classes: array:7 [ …7]
+class: "menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children has-dropdown menu-depth- menu-item-913"
+level: 0
+post_name: "mentions-legales"
+url: "#"
+type: "custom"
#title: "Mentions légales"
+current: false
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+current_item_ancestor: false
+object_id: "913"
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+post_content: ""
+post_title: "Mentions légales"
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#_menu_item_url: null
#wp_object: WP_Post {#7116
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+"title": "Mentions légales"
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+"xfn": ""
+"current": false
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}
#menu: Vision\Models\Menu {#7191}
+"db_id": 913
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}
]
+term_id: 358
+name: "Principal"
+slug: "principal"
+title: "Principal"
+term_group: 0
+term_taxonomy_id: 358
+taxonomy: "nav_menu"
+description: ""
+parent: 0
+count: 18
+filter: "raw"
+args: {#7648
+"menu": ""
+"container": "div"
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+"container_aria_label": ""
+"menu_class": "menu"
+"menu_id": ""
+"echo": true
+"fallback_cb": "wp_page_menu"
+"before": ""
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+"items_wrap": "<ul id="%1$s" class="%2$s">%3$s</ul>"
+"item_spacing": "preserve"
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+"walker": ""
+"theme_location": "primary"
+"location": "primary"
}
-_current_item: null
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"menu" => ""
"container" => "div"
"container_class" => ""
"container_id" => ""
"container_aria_label" => ""
"menu_class" => "menu"
"menu_id" => ""
"echo" => true
"fallback_cb" => "wp_page_menu"
"before" => ""
"after" => ""
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1 => WP_Post {#7132}
2 => WP_Post {#7131}
3 => WP_Post {#7130
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4 => WP_Post {#7129
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5 => WP_Post {#7128
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6 => WP_Post {#7127
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7 => WP_Post {#7126
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8 => WP_Post {#7125}
9 => WP_Post {#7124
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10 => WP_Post {#7123
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}
11 => WP_Post {#7122
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}
12 => WP_Post {#7121
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}
13 => WP_Post {#7120}
14 => WP_Post {#7119
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}
15 => WP_Post {#7118
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+"type_label": "Page"
+"url": "https://tchak.be/questions-frequentes/"
+"title": "Les questions fréquentes"
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+"classes": array:4 [ …4]
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}
16 => WP_Post {#7117
+ID: 911
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+"object": "page"
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+"url": "https://tchak.be/points-de-vente/"
+"title": "Où acheter la revue ?"
+"target": ""
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}
17 => WP_Post {#7116}
18 => WP_Post {#7115
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}
]
}
"secondary" => Vision\Models\Menu {#7660
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+ID: 357
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#wp_object: WP_Term {#7657
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}
+depth: 0
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0 => Timber\MenuItem {#7659
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+ID: 890
+object_type: "post"
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+classes: array:6 [ …6]
+class: "menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current_page_parent menu-depth- menu-item-890"
+level: 0
+post_name: "les-plus-recents"
+url: "https://tchak.be/articles/"
+type: "post_type"
#title: "Les plus récents"
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#_name: ""
#_menu_item_url: null
#wp_object: WP_Post {#7627
+ID: 890
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+post_title: "Les plus récents"
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}
#menu: Vision\Models\Menu {#7660}
+"db_id": 890
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}
1 => Timber\MenuItem {#7578
+id: 411989
+ID: 411989
+object_type: "post"
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+classes: array:5 [ …5]
+class: "menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-depth- menu-item-411989"
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#title: "Agriculture"
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#_name: ""
#_menu_item_url: null
#wp_object: WP_Post {#7626
+ID: 411989
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}
#menu: Vision\Models\Menu {#7660}
+"db_id": 411989
+"menu_item_parent": "0"
+"type_label": "Catégorie"
+"attr_title": ""
+"description": ""
+"xfn": ""
}
2 => Timber\MenuItem {#7579
+id: 411990
+ID: 411990
+object_type: "post"
+children: []
+classes: array:5 [ …5]
+class: "menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-depth- menu-item-411990"
+level: 0
+post_name: "411990"
+url: "https://tchak.be/categorie/alimentation/"
+type: "taxonomy"
#title: "Alimentation"
+current: false
+current_item_parent: false
+current_item_ancestor: false
+object_id: "69"
+object: "category"
+post_author: "2"
+post_date: "2026-09-15 19:43:19"
+post_date_gmt: "2026-09-15 17:43:19"
+post_content: " "
+post_title: ""
+post_excerpt: ""
+post_status: "publish"
+comment_status: "closed"
+ping_status: "closed"
+post_password: ""
+to_ping: ""
+pinged: ""
+post_modified: "2026-09-15 19:43:19"
+post_modified_gmt: "2026-09-15 17:43:19"
+post_content_filtered: ""
+post_parent: 0
+guid: "https://tchak.be/?p=411990"
+menu_order: 3
+post_type: "nav_menu_item"
+post_mime_type: ""
+comment_count: "0"
+filter: "raw"
#_name: ""
#_menu_item_url: null
#wp_object: WP_Post {#7625
+ID: 411990
+post_author: "2"
+post_date: "2026-09-15 19:43:19"
+post_date_gmt: "2026-09-15 17:43:19"
+post_content: " "
+post_title: ""
+post_excerpt: ""
+post_status: "publish"
+comment_status: "closed"
+ping_status: "closed"
+post_password: ""
+post_name: "411990"
+to_ping: ""
+pinged: ""
+post_modified: "2026-09-15 19:43:19"
+post_modified_gmt: "2026-09-15 17:43:19"
+post_content_filtered: ""
+post_parent: 0
+guid: "https://tchak.be/?p=411990"
+menu_order: 3
+post_type: "nav_menu_item"
+post_mime_type: ""
+comment_count: "0"
+filter: "raw"
+"db_id": 411990
+"menu_item_parent": "0"
+"object_id": "69"
+"object": "category"
+"type": "taxonomy"
+"type_label": "Catégorie"
+"url": "https://tchak.be/categorie/alimentation/"
+"title": "Alimentation"
+"target": ""
+"attr_title": ""
+"description": ""
+"classes": array:4 [ …4]
+"xfn": ""
+"current": false
+"current_item_ancestor": false
+"current_item_parent": false
}
#menu: Vision\Models\Menu {#7660}
+"db_id": 411990
+"menu_item_parent": "0"
+"type_label": "Catégorie"
+"attr_title": ""
+"description": ""
+"xfn": ""
}
3 => Timber\MenuItem {#7580
+id: 411991
+ID: 411991
+object_type: "post"
+children: []
+classes: array:5 [ …5]
+class: "menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-depth- menu-item-411991"
+level: 0
+post_name: "411991"
+url: "https://tchak.be/categorie/environnement/"
+type: "taxonomy"
#title: "Environnement"
+current: false
+current_item_parent: false
+current_item_ancestor: false
+object_id: "35"
+object: "category"
+post_author: "2"
+post_date: "2026-09-15 19:43:20"
+post_date_gmt: "2026-09-15 17:43:20"
+post_content: " "
+post_title: ""
+post_excerpt: ""
+post_status: "publish"
+comment_status: "closed"
+ping_status: "closed"
+post_password: ""
+to_ping: ""
+pinged: ""
+post_modified: "2026-09-15 19:43:20"
+post_modified_gmt: "2026-09-15 17:43:20"
+post_content_filtered: ""
+post_parent: 0
+guid: "https://tchak.be/?p=411991"
+menu_order: 4
+post_type: "nav_menu_item"
+post_mime_type: ""
+comment_count: "0"
+filter: "raw"
#_name: ""
#_menu_item_url: null
#wp_object: WP_Post {#7624
+ID: 411991
+post_author: "2"
+post_date: "2026-09-15 19:43:20"
+post_date_gmt: "2026-09-15 17:43:20"
+post_content: " "
+post_title: ""
+post_excerpt: ""
+post_status: "publish"
+comment_status: "closed"
+ping_status: "closed"
+post_password: ""
+post_name: "411991"
+to_ping: ""
+pinged: ""
+post_modified: "2026-09-15 19:43:20"
+post_modified_gmt: "2026-09-15 17:43:20"
+post_content_filtered: ""
+post_parent: 0
+guid: "https://tchak.be/?p=411991"
+menu_order: 4
+post_type: "nav_menu_item"
+post_mime_type: ""
+comment_count: "0"
+filter: "raw"
+"db_id": 411991
+"menu_item_parent": "0"
+"object_id": "35"
+"object": "category"
+"type": "taxonomy"
+"type_label": "Catégorie"
+"url": "https://tchak.be/categorie/environnement/"
+"title": "Environnement"
+"target": ""
+"attr_title": ""
+"description": ""
+"classes": array:4 [ …4]
+"xfn": ""
+"current": false
+"current_item_ancestor": false
+"current_item_parent": false
}
#menu: Vision\Models\Menu {#7660}
+"db_id": 411991
+"menu_item_parent": "0"
+"type_label": "Catégorie"
+"attr_title": ""
+"description": ""
+"xfn": ""
}
4 => Timber\MenuItem {#7576
+id: 892
+ID: 892
+object_type: "post"
+children: []
+classes: array:5 [ …5]
+class: "menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-depth- menu-item-892"
+level: 0
+post_name: "892"
+url: "https://tchak.be/categorie/sante/"
+type: "taxonomy"
#title: "Santé"
+current: false
+current_item_parent: false
+current_item_ancestor: false
+object_id: "36"
+object: "category"
+post_author: "1"
+post_date: "2026-09-15 19:43:20"
+post_date_gmt: "2026-08-21 12:26:14"
+post_content: " "
+post_title: ""
+post_excerpt: ""
+post_status: "publish"
+comment_status: "closed"
+ping_status: "closed"
+post_password: ""
+to_ping: ""
+pinged: ""
+post_modified: "2026-09-15 19:43:20"
+post_modified_gmt: "2026-09-15 17:43:20"
+post_content_filtered: ""
+post_parent: 0
+guid: "https://tchak.be/?p=892"
+menu_order: 5
+post_type: "nav_menu_item"
+post_mime_type: ""
+comment_count: "0"
+filter: "raw"
#_name: ""
#_menu_item_url: null
#wp_object: WP_Post {#7623
+ID: 892
+post_author: "1"
+post_date: "2026-09-15 19:43:20"
+post_date_gmt: "2026-08-21 12:26:14"
+post_content: " "
+post_title: ""
+post_excerpt: ""
+post_status: "publish"
+comment_status: "closed"
+ping_status: "closed"
+post_password: ""
+post_name: "892"
+to_ping: ""
+pinged: ""
+post_modified: "2026-09-15 19:43:20"
+post_modified_gmt: "2026-09-15 17:43:20"
+post_content_filtered: ""
+post_parent: 0
+guid: "https://tchak.be/?p=892"
+menu_order: 5
+post_type: "nav_menu_item"
+post_mime_type: ""
+comment_count: "0"
+filter: "raw"
+"db_id": 892
+"menu_item_parent": "0"
+"object_id": "36"
+"object": "category"
+"type": "taxonomy"
+"type_label": "Catégorie"
+"url": "https://tchak.be/categorie/sante/"
+"title": "Santé"
+"target": ""
+"attr_title": ""
+"description": ""
+"classes": array:4 [ …4]
+"xfn": ""
+"current": false
+"current_item_ancestor": false
+"current_item_parent": false
}
#menu: Vision\Models\Menu {#7660}
+"db_id": 892
+"menu_item_parent": "0"
+"type_label": "Catégorie"
+"attr_title": ""
+"description": ""
+"xfn": ""
}
]
+term_id: 357
+name: "Secondaire"
+slug: "secondaire"
+title: "Secondaire"
+term_group: 0
+term_taxonomy_id: 357
+taxonomy: "nav_menu"
+description: ""
+parent: 0
+count: 5
+filter: "raw"
+args: {#7172
+"menu": ""
+"container": "div"
+"container_class": ""
+"container_id": ""
+"container_aria_label": ""
+"menu_class": "menu"
+"menu_id": ""
+"echo": true
+"fallback_cb": "wp_page_menu"
+"before": ""
+"after": ""
+"link_before": ""
+"link_after": ""
+"items_wrap": "<ul id="%1$s" class="%2$s">%3$s</ul>"
+"item_spacing": "preserve"
+"depth": 0
+"walker": ""
+"theme_location": "secondary"
+"location": "secondary"
}
-_current_item: null
+raw_args: array:19 [
"menu" => ""
"container" => "div"
"container_class" => ""
"container_id" => ""
"container_aria_label" => ""
"menu_class" => "menu"
"menu_id" => ""
"echo" => true
"fallback_cb" => "wp_page_menu"
"before" => ""
"after" => ""
"link_before" => ""
"link_after" => ""
"items_wrap" => "<ul id="%1$s" class="%2$s">%3$s</ul>"
"item_spacing" => "preserve"
"depth" => 0
"walker" => ""
"theme_location" => ""
"location" => "secondary"
]
+theme_location: "secondary"
#sorted_menu_items: array:5 [
1 => WP_Post {#7627}
2 => WP_Post {#7626}
3 => WP_Post {#7625}
4 => WP_Post {#7624}
5 => WP_Post {#7623}
]
}
"top" => Vision\Models\Menu {#7586
+id: 356
+ID: 356
+object_type: "term"
#wp_object: WP_Term {#7583
+term_id: 356
+name: "Top"
+slug: "top"
+term_group: 0
+term_taxonomy_id: 356
+taxonomy: "nav_menu"
+description: ""
+parent: 0
+count: 4
+filter: "raw"
}
+depth: 0
+items: array:4 [
0 => Timber\MenuItem {#7585
+id: 889
+ID: 889
+object_type: "post"
+children: []
+classes: array:5 [ …5]
+class: "menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-product_cat menu-depth- menu-item-889"
+level: 0
+post_name: "la-revue"
+url: "https://tchak.be/categorie-produit/revues/"
+type: "taxonomy"
#title: "La Revue"
+current: false
+current_item_parent: false
+current_item_ancestor: false
+object_id: "16"
+object: "product_cat"
+post_author: "1"
+post_date: "2026-08-21 14:24:40"
+post_date_gmt: "2026-08-21 12:24:40"
+post_content: ""
+post_title: "La Revue"
+post_excerpt: ""
+post_status: "publish"
+comment_status: "closed"
+ping_status: "closed"
+post_password: ""
+to_ping: ""
+pinged: ""
+post_modified: "2026-08-21 14:24:40"
+post_modified_gmt: "2026-08-21 12:24:40"
+post_content_filtered: ""
+post_parent: 0
+guid: "https://tchak.be/?p=889"
+menu_order: 1
+post_type: "nav_menu_item"
+post_mime_type: ""
+comment_count: "0"
+filter: "raw"
#_name: ""
#_menu_item_url: null
#wp_object: WP_Post {#7592 …40}
#menu: Vision\Models\Menu {#7586}
+"db_id": 889
+"menu_item_parent": "0"
+"type_label": "Catégorie"
+"attr_title": ""
+"description": ""
+"xfn": ""
}
1 => Timber\MenuItem {#7655
+id: 886
+ID: 886
+object_type: "post"
+children: []
+classes: array:5 [ …5]
+class: "menu-item menu-item-type-post_type_archive menu-item-object-blogpost menu-depth- menu-item-886"
+level: 0
+post_name: "le-blog"
+url: "https://tchak.be/actualites/"
+type: "post_type_archive"
#title: "Le Blog"
+current: false
+current_item_parent: false
+current_item_ancestor: false
…34
}
2 => Timber\MenuItem {#7629 …48}
3 => Timber\MenuItem {#7148 …48}
]
+term_id: 356
+name: "Top"
+slug: "top"
+title: "Top"
+term_group: 0
+term_taxonomy_id: 356
+taxonomy: "nav_menu"
+description: ""
+parent: 0
+count: 4
+filter: "raw"
+args: {#7616
+"menu": ""
+"container": "div"
+"container_class": ""
+"container_id": ""
+"container_aria_label": ""
+"menu_class": "menu"
+"menu_id": ""
+"echo": true
+"fallback_cb": "wp_page_menu"
+"before": ""
+"after": ""
+"link_before": ""
+"link_after": ""
+"items_wrap": "<ul id="%1$s" class="%2$s">%3$s</ul>"
+"item_spacing": "preserve"
+"depth": 0
+"walker": ""
+"theme_location": "top"
+"location": "top"
}
-_current_item: null
+raw_args: array:19 [
"menu" => ""
"container" => "div"
"container_class" => ""
"container_id" => ""
"container_aria_label" => ""
"menu_class" => "menu"
"menu_id" => ""
"echo" => true
"fallback_cb" => "wp_page_menu"
"before" => ""
"after" => ""
"link_before" => ""
"link_after" => ""
"items_wrap" => "<ul id="%1$s" class="%2$s">%3$s</ul>"
"item_spacing" => "preserve"
"depth" => 0
"walker" => ""
"theme_location" => ""
"location" => "top"
]
+theme_location: "top"
#sorted_menu_items: array:4 [
1 => WP_Post {#7592 …40}
2 => WP_Post {#7593 …40}
3 => WP_Post {#7594 …40}
4 => WP_Post {#7595 …40}
]
}
"footer" => Vision\Models\Menu {#7628
+id: 359
+ID: 359
+object_type: "term"
#wp_object: WP_Term {#7588
+term_id: 359
+name: "Footer"
+slug: "footer"
+term_group: 0
+term_taxonomy_id: 359
+taxonomy: "nav_menu"
+description: ""
+parent: 0
+count: 18
+filter: "raw"
}
+depth: 0
+items: array:3 [
0 => Timber\MenuItem {#7577 …48}
1 => Timber\MenuItem {#7451 …48}
2 => Timber\MenuItem {#7457 …48}
]
+term_id: 359
+name: "Footer"
+slug: "footer"
+title: "Footer"
+term_group: 0
+term_taxonomy_id: 359
+taxonomy: "nav_menu"
+description: ""
+parent: 0
+count: 18
+filter: "raw"
+args: {#7449
+"menu": ""
+"container": "div"
+"container_class": ""
+"container_id": ""
+"container_aria_label": ""
+"menu_class": "menu"
+"menu_id": ""
+"echo": true
+"fallback_cb": "wp_page_menu"
+"before": ""
+"after": ""
+"link_before": ""
+"link_after": ""
+"items_wrap": "<ul id="%1$s" class="%2$s">%3$s</ul>"
+"item_spacing": "preserve"
+"depth": 0
+"walker": ""
+"theme_location": "footer"
+"location": "footer"
}
-_current_item: null
+raw_args: array:19 [
"menu" => ""
"container" => "div"
"container_class" => ""
"container_id" => ""
"container_aria_label" => ""
"menu_class" => "menu"
"menu_id" => ""
"echo" => true
"fallback_cb" => "wp_page_menu"
"before" => ""
"after" => ""
"link_before" => ""
"link_after" => ""
"items_wrap" => "<ul id="%1$s" class="%2$s">%3$s</ul>"
"item_spacing" => "preserve"
"depth" => 0
"walker" => ""
"theme_location" => ""
"location" => "footer"
]
+theme_location: "footer"
#sorted_menu_items: array:18 [
1 => WP_Post {#7581 …40}
2 => WP_Post {#7591 …40}
3 => WP_Post {#7149 …40}
4 => WP_Post {#7661 …40}
5 => WP_Post {#7573 …40}
6 => WP_Post {#7572 …40}
7 => WP_Post {#7571 …40}
8 => WP_Post {#7570 …40}
9 => WP_Post {#7569 …40}
10 => WP_Post {#7568 …40}
11 => WP_Post {#7567 …40}
12 => WP_Post {#7566 …40}
13 => WP_Post {#7565 …40}
14 => WP_Post {#7564 …40}
15 => WP_Post {#7563 …40}
16 => WP_Post {#7562 …40}
17 => WP_Post {#7561 …40}
18 => WP_Post {#7560 …40}
]
}
"credits" => Vision\Models\Menu {#7441
+id: 360
+ID: 360
+object_type: "term"
#wp_object: WP_Term {#7444
+term_id: 360
+name: "Crédits"
+slug: "credits"
+term_group: 0
+term_taxonomy_id: 360
+taxonomy: "nav_menu"
+description: ""
+parent: 0
+count: 1
+filter: "raw"
}
+depth: 0
+items: array:1 [
0 => Timber\MenuItem {#7429 …48}
]
+term_id: 360
+name: "Crédits"
+slug: "credits"
+title: "Crédits"
+term_group: 0
+term_taxonomy_id: 360
+taxonomy: "nav_menu"
+description: ""
+parent: 0
+count: 1
+filter: "raw"
+args: {#7442
+"menu": ""
+"container": "div"
+"container_class": ""
+"container_id": ""
+"container_aria_label": ""
+"menu_class": "menu"
+"menu_id": ""
+"echo": true
+"fallback_cb": "wp_page_menu"
+"before": ""
+"after": ""
+"link_before": ""
+"link_after": ""
+"items_wrap": "<ul id="%1$s" class="%2$s">%3$s</ul>"
+"item_spacing": "preserve"
+"depth": 0
+"walker": ""
+"theme_location": "credits"
+"location": "credits"
}
-_current_item: null
+raw_args: array:19 [
"menu" => ""
"container" => "div"
"container_class" => ""
"container_id" => ""
"container_aria_label" => ""
"menu_class" => "menu"
"menu_id" => ""
"echo" => true
"fallback_cb" => "wp_page_menu"
"before" => ""
"after" => ""
"link_before" => ""
"link_after" => ""
"items_wrap" => "<ul id="%1$s" class="%2$s">%3$s</ul>"
"item_spacing" => "preserve"
"depth" => 0
"walker" => ""
"theme_location" => ""
"location" => "credits"
]
+theme_location: "credits"
#sorted_menu_items: array:1 [
1 => WP_Post {#7436 …40}
]
}
]
"archive" => array:3 [
"title" => "Auteur/autrice\u{A0}: David Olivier"
"description" => "est bioingénieur et personne-ressource pour Tchak. Il travaille chez Canopéa."
"pagination" => array:5 [
"current" => 1
"total" => 1
"prev" => null
"next" => null
"pages" => array:1 [
0 => array:3 [ …3]
]
]
]
"query" => array:2 [
"posts" => Timber\PostQuery {#7443
+found_posts: 3
#userQuery: null
#wp_query: WP_Query {#3041
+query: array:1 [
"author_name" => "david-olivier"
]
+query_vars: array:65 [
"author_name" => "david-olivier"
"error" => ""
"m" => ""
"p" => 0
"post_parent" => ""
"subpost" => ""
"subpost_id" => ""
"attachment" => ""
"attachment_id" => 0
"name" => ""
"pagename" => ""
"page_id" => 0
"second" => ""
"minute" => ""
"hour" => ""
"day" => 0
"monthnum" => 0
"year" => 0
"w" => 0
"category_name" => ""
"tag" => ""
"cat" => ""
"tag_id" => ""
"author" => 37
"feed" => ""
"tb" => ""
"paged" => 0
"meta_key" => ""
"meta_value" => ""
"preview" => ""
"s" => ""
"sentence" => ""
"title" => ""
"fields" => "all"
"menu_order" => ""
"embed" => ""
"category__in" => []
"category__not_in" => []
"category__and" => []
"post__in" => []
"post__not_in" => []
"post_name__in" => []
"tag__in" => []
"tag__not_in" => []
"tag__and" => []
"tag_slug__in" => []
"tag_slug__and" => []
"post_parent__in" => []
"post_parent__not_in" => []
"author__in" => []
"author__not_in" => []
"search_columns" => []
"ignore_sticky_posts" => false
"suppress_filters" => false
"cache_results" => true
"update_post_term_cache" => true
"update_menu_item_cache" => false
"lazy_load_term_meta" => true
"update_post_meta_cache" => true
"post_type" => ""
"posts_per_page" => 12
"nopaging" => false
"comments_per_page" => "50"
"no_found_rows" => false
"order" => "DESC"
]
+tax_query: WP_Tax_Query {#7019
+queries: []
+relation: "AND"
#table_aliases: []
+queried_terms: []
+primary_table: "wp_posts"
+primary_id_column: "ID"
}
+meta_query: WP_Meta_Query {#7018
+queries: []
+relation: null
+meta_table: null
+meta_id_column: null
+primary_table: null
+primary_id_column: null
#table_aliases: []
#clauses: []
#has_or_relation: false
}
+date_query: false
+queried_object: WP_User {#7740
+data: {#7747 …11}
+ID: 37
+caps: array:1 [ …1]
+cap_key: "wp_capabilities"
+roles: array:1 [ …1]
+allcaps: array:6 [ …6]
+filter: null
-site_id: 1
}
+queried_object_id: 37
+request: """
SELECT SQL_CALC_FOUND_ROWS wp_posts.ID\n
\t\t\t\t\t FROM wp_posts LEFT JOIN wp_term_relationships AS tr1 ON (wp_posts.ID = tr1.object_id) LEFT JOIN wp_term_taxonomy ON ( tr1.term_taxonomy_id = wp_term_taxonomy.term_taxonomy_id )\n
\t\t\t\t\t WHERE 1=1 AND ((wp_posts.post_author = 37) OR (wp_term_taxonomy.taxonomy = 'author' AND wp_term_taxonomy.term_id = '549')) AND ((wp_posts.post_type = 'post' AND (wp_posts.post_status = 'publish' OR wp_posts.post_status = 'acf-disabled')))\n
\t\t\t\t\t GROUP BY wp_posts.ID HAVING MAX( IF ( wp_term_taxonomy.taxonomy = 'author', IF ( wp_term_taxonomy.term_id = '549',2,1 ),0 ) ) <> 1 \n
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<p>En 1846, le Parlement britannique vote l’abrogation des «\u{A0}<em>Corn Laws</em>\u{A0}», c’est-à-dire la suppression des droits de douane sur les importations de blé. Ce vote est le résultat d’une intense campagne de la part des promoteurs du libre-échange. Leur argument auprès de la classe ouvrière\u{A0}? L’obtention d’une alimentation bon marché.</p>\n
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->\n
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<p>Une quinzaine d’années plus tard, la promesse ne semble pas avoir été tenue. Karl Marx, alors réfugié à Londres, s’intéresse aux conditions de vie des familles d’ouvriers agricoles et, sur la base d’un rapport publié en 1863, constate dans le premier livre du <em>Capital</em> que « <em>chez beaucoup [d’entre elles], le régime alimentaire se situe en deçà du minimum indispensable à la “lutte contre les maladies d’inanition”</em> ». Pour l’économiste allemand, il est clair que le système de production capitaliste appauvrit les travailleurs, réprime leur vitalité, mine leur santé : en un mot, qu’il les épuise.</p>\n
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->\n
\n
<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n
<p>Les familles ouvrières ne sont toutefois pas les seules victimes du capitalisme. Dans ce même ouvrage, Marx considère que « <em>[la production capitaliste] trouble le métabolisme entre l’homme et la terre, en rendant de plus en plus difficile la restitution de ses éléments de fertilité</em> ». C’est qu’avant de publier le premier livre du Capital, Marx s’est vivement intéressé aux travaux de Justus von Liebig : dès 1862, le chimiste allemand s’était inquiété des dégâts de l’agriculture intensive, qui opérait comme si « <em>les dons de la Terre [étaient] inépuisables</em> »<a href="#sdfootnote1sym" id="sdfootnote1anc"><sup>1</sup></a>.</p>\n
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->\n
\n
<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n
<p>Au sujet du libre-échange, Karl Marx clarifiait dès 1848 : « <em>[Qu’est-ce] donc que le libre-échange ? C’est la liberté du capital. […] C’est la liberté qu’a le capital d’écraser le travailleur</em> »<em><a href="#sdfootnote2sym" id="sdfootnote2anc"><sup>2</sup></a></em>. Vingt ans plus tard, alors que paraît le premier livre du <em>Capital</em> (1867), une critique écologique s’est adjointe à la critique sociale que le penseur allemand synthétise comme suit : « <em>[Chaque] progrès de l’agriculture capitaliste est un progrès non seulement dans l’art d’exploiter le travailleur, mais encore dans l’art de dépouiller le sol […]. La production capitaliste ne développe donc la technique et la combinaison du processus de production sociale qu’en épuisant en même temps les deux sources d’où jaillit toute richesse : la terre et le travailleur</em> »<em><a href="#sdfootnote3sym" id="sdfootnote3anc"><sup>3</sup></a></em>.</p>\n
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<p><a href="#sdfootnote1anc" id="sdfootnote1sym">1</a> Cité par Foster & Clark (2022). <em>Le pillage de la nature</em>, Paris, Éditions critiques, p. 17.</p>\n
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->\n
\n
<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n
<p><a href="#sdfootnote2anc" id="sdfootnote2sym">2</a> Karl Marx (1848), <em>Discours sur la question du libre-échange</em>.</p>\n
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->\n
\n
<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n
<p><a href="#sdfootnote3anc" id="sdfootnote3sym">3</a> Sauf mention contraire, toutes les citations sont extraites de Karl Marx (1867), <em>Le Capital : Livre I.</em></p>\n
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
"""
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"""
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<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n
<p>En 1846, le Parlement britannique vote l’abrogation des «\u{A0}<em>Corn Laws</em>\u{A0}», c’est-à-dire la suppression des droits de douane sur les importations de blé. Ce vote est le résultat d’une intense campagne de la part des promoteurs du libre-échange. Leur argument auprès de la classe ouvrière\u{A0}? L’obtention d’une alimentation bon marché.</p>\n
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->\n
\n
<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n
<p>Une quinzaine d’années plus tard, la promesse ne semble pas avoir été tenue. Karl Marx, alors réfugié à Londres, s’intéresse aux conditions de vie des familles d’ouvriers agricoles et, sur la base d’un rapport publié en 1863, constate dans le premier livre du <em>Capital</em> que « <em>chez beaucoup [d’entre elles], le régime alimentaire se situe en deçà du minimum indispensable à la “lutte contre les maladies d’inanition”</em> ». Pour l’économiste allemand, il est clair que le système de production capitaliste appauvrit les travailleurs, réprime leur vitalité, mine leur santé : en un mot, qu’il les épuise.</p>\n
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->\n
\n
<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n
<p>Les familles ouvrières ne sont toutefois pas les seules victimes du capitalisme. Dans ce même ouvrage, Marx considère que « <em>[la production capitaliste] trouble le métabolisme entre l’homme et la terre, en rendant de plus en plus difficile la restitution de ses éléments de fertilité</em> ». C’est qu’avant de publier le premier livre du Capital, Marx s’est vivement intéressé aux travaux de Justus von Liebig : dès 1862, le chimiste allemand s’était inquiété des dégâts de l’agriculture intensive, qui opérait comme si « <em>les dons de la Terre [étaient] inépuisables</em> »<a href="#sdfootnote1sym" id="sdfootnote1anc"><sup>1</sup></a>.</p>\n
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->\n
\n
<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n
<p>Au sujet du libre-échange, Karl Marx clarifiait dès 1848 : « <em>[Qu’est-ce] donc que le libre-échange ? C’est la liberté du capital. […] C’est la liberté qu’a le capital d’écraser le travailleur</em> »<em><a href="#sdfootnote2sym" id="sdfootnote2anc"><sup>2</sup></a></em>. Vingt ans plus tard, alors que paraît le premier livre du <em>Capital</em> (1867), une critique écologique s’est adjointe à la critique sociale que le penseur allemand synthétise comme suit : « <em>[Chaque] progrès de l’agriculture capitaliste est un progrès non seulement dans l’art d’exploiter le travailleur, mais encore dans l’art de dépouiller le sol […]. La production capitaliste ne développe donc la technique et la combinaison du processus de production sociale qu’en épuisant en même temps les deux sources d’où jaillit toute richesse : la terre et le travailleur</em> »<em><a href="#sdfootnote3sym" id="sdfootnote3anc"><sup>3</sup></a></em>.</p>\n
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->\n
\n
<!-- wp:separator -->\n
<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>\n
<!-- /wp:separator -->\n
\n
<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n
<p><a href="#sdfootnote1anc" id="sdfootnote1sym">1</a> Cité par Foster & Clark (2022). <em>Le pillage de la nature</em>, Paris, Éditions critiques, p. 17.</p>\n
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->\n
\n
<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n
<p><a href="#sdfootnote2anc" id="sdfootnote2sym">2</a> Karl Marx (1848), <em>Discours sur la question du libre-échange</em>.</p>\n
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->\n
\n
<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n
<p><a href="#sdfootnote3anc" id="sdfootnote3sym">3</a> Sauf mention contraire, toutes les citations sont extraites de Karl Marx (1867), <em>Le Capital : Livre I.</em></p>\n
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
"""
+post_date: "2026-09-02 23:30:06"
+post_excerpt: "Dans chaque numéro de Tchak, un mot. Un mot contemporain, que l’on prend le temps de creuser et de confronter à l’histoire. D’où vient-il ? Que charrie-t-il ? Et que dit-il de notre manière de voir le monde ? Cette fois : épuisement. Celui des êtres humains comme celui de la terre, avec Marx en toile de fond."
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+post_status: "publish"
+post_title: "Épuisement. L'histoire derrière le mot"
+post_type: "post"
+slug: "epuisement-lhistoire-derriere-le-mot"
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1 => Vision\Models\Post {#7947
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#wp_object: WP_Post {#7064 …24}
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+post_content: """
<!-- wp:paragraph {"dropCap":true} -->\n
<p class="has-drop-cap">SATISFACTEUR, subst. masc. [satisfaktœr]. Manière ou moyen par lequel un ou plusieurs besoins sont satisfaits.</p>\n
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->\n
\n
<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n
<p>« <em>La nourriture n’est pas un besoin</em> » : voilà ce que professe un économiste chilien du nom de Manfred Max-Neef. Au cœur de son travail, la distinction entre besoins et satisfacteurs. Selon lui, si les besoins sont toujours les mêmes, quel que soit le lieu ou l’époque, ce qui va changer au fil du temps et d’une culture à l’autre, ce sont les satisfacteurs. Ainsi, si en Europe et jusqu’au début du XX<sup>e</sup> siècle, c’est l’agriculture paysanne qui répondait au besoin de Subsistance, l’agro-industrie a largement pris le relais aujourd’hui.</p>\n
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->\n
\n
<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n
<p>Max-Neef ne se contente pas d’insister sur la notion de satisfacteur, il propose aussi d’en répertorier différents types : singulier, s’il répond à un seul besoin ; inhibiteur, s’il sur-satisfait un besoin donné au détriment d’autres besoins ; pseudo-satisfacteur, s’il génère un sentiment de satisfaction trompeur (la publicité en est un attribut typique) ; destructeur, lorsque ces deux derniers types sont combinés et qu’aucun besoin n’est finalement satisfait (avec une caractéristique, celle d’être imposé avec agressivité).</p>\n
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->\n
\n
<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n
<p>Le système agro-industriel semble faire partie de cette dernière catégorie. Par son productivisme, il exagère le besoin de Subsistance (le gaspillage alimentaire en est un signe évident) alors même que sa capacité à répondre à ce besoin est compromise par sa fragilité vis-à-vis des chocs climatiques et géopolitiques. En parallèle, il accentue notre exposition aux risques sanitaires et environnementaux, ce qui inhibe la satisfaction du besoin de Protection. Par ailleurs, il est maintenu avec force par la publicité et un <em>lobbying</em> agressif.</p>\n
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->\n
\n
<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n
<p>Loin d’être un pessimiste, Max-Neef veut nous encourager à réfléchir de manière critique aux satisfacteurs qui fondent la civilisation industrielle, de sorte que nous soyons en mesure de choisir d’autres satisfacteurs qui seraient synergiques, c’est-à-dire contribuant simultanément à satisfaire plusieurs besoins. De tels satisfacteurs existent déjà et sont nombreux dans le domaine de l’agriculture et de l’alimentation : agriculture biologique, circuits de proximité, production autonome, conseils de politique alimentaire, cantines durables, cuisine de terroir… Reste à les privilégier pour réinventer notre mode de vie et démontrer que « <em>l’indésirable n’est pas toujours inévitable</em> »<a href="#sdfootnote1sym" id="sdfootnote1anc"><sup>1</sup></a>.</p>\n
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->\n
\n
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\n
<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n
<p><a href="#sdfootnote1anc" id="sdfootnote1sym">1</a> Manfred A. Max-Neef, <em>Human scale development : conception, application and further reflections</em>, New York-Londres, The Apex Press, 1991.</p>\n
<!-- /wp:paragraph -->
"""
+post_date: "2026-03-19 18:37:00"
+post_excerpt: "Dans chaque numéro de Tchak, un mot. Un mot contemporain, que l’on prend le temps de creuser et de confronter à l’histoire. D’où vient-il ? Que charrie-t-il ? Et que dit-il de notre manière de voir le monde ? Cette fois : satisfacteur."
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+post_status: "publish"
+post_title: "Satisfacteur. L'histoire derrière le mot"
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<p>ERSATZ, subst. masc (1).<br><strong>A.</strong>\u{A0}Produit de remplacement, employé à défaut du produit normalement ou traditionnellement employé. <br><strong>B.</strong>\u{A0}Avec une\u{A0}<em>nuance fortement péj.</em>\u{A0}Produit ou personne de substitution et de moindre valeur.</p>\n
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<p class="has-drop-cap">Dix-huit novembre 1894, dans un quartier populaire de Manchester, un penseur socialiste du nom de William Morris donne une conférence. Dès sa première phrase, il propose de baptiser notre époque « <em>l’âge de l’ersatz</em> »<a href="#sdfootnote2sym" id="sdfootnote2anc"><sup>2</sup></a>. Avec ce simple terme, il anticipe un trait majeur de l’industrie agroalimentaire : la malbouffe. Ainsi l’homme déplore-t-il la piètre qualité du pain, de la farine, le remplacement du beurre par la margarine quand on dénonce aujourd’hui des aliments vides, déséquilibrés ou tout simplement contaminés.</p>\n
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<p>Toutefois, le penseur du XIX<sup>e</sup> siècle ne restreint pas son analyse au seul domaine du boire et du manger. Vêtements, loisirs, habitations, paysages : tout y passe ! C’est « <em>[l’]omniprésence des ersatz et […] le fait de s’en accommoder [qui] forment l’essence de ce que nous appelons civilisation</em> »,<em> </em>juge Morris. Lequel nous gratifie en passant de quelques considérations supplémentaires sur cette falsification généralisée : un – l’ersatz n’est pas choisi, il est subi au travers d’une stratégie agressive de prix bas ; deux – en s’imposant, l’ersatz condamne à la disparition tout bien authentique ; trois – l’ersatz n’est que le revers de la condition ouvrière, c’est un « <em>[travail] d’esclave pour les esclaves du travail</em> ».</p>\n
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<p>Pourquoi en est-il ainsi\u{A0}? La réponse de Morris est très simple\u{A0}: parce que «\u{A0}<em>la raison d’être de l’industrie n’est pas de créer des\u{A0}</em>biens<em>\u{A0}mais des\u{A0}</em>profits<em>\u{A0}réservés aux privilégiés qui vivent du travail des autres</em>\u{A0}». Ce faisant, l’industrie trompe les consommateurs, abîme les travailleurs et génère par ailleurs un immense gaspillage. Et l’orateur de conclure en enjoignant à son auditoire non pas de surveiller mieux son alimentation, mais de s’emparer de la politique pour «\u{A0}<em>[remplacer] les privilèges et la concurrence par l’égalité et la solidarité</em>\u{A0}».\u{A0}</p>\n
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<p><a href="#sdfootnote1anc" id="sdfootnote1sym">1</a>\u{A0}Définition donnée par le portail lexical du<a href="https://www.cnrtl.fr/definition/ersatz." data-type="link" data-id="https://www.cnrtl.fr/definition/ersatz."> laboratoire de recherche\u{A0}ATILF</a>.</p>\n
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<p><a href="#sdfootnote2anc" id="sdfootnote2sym">2</a> Sauf mention contraire, toutes les citations sont extraites de William Morris, <em>L’âge de l’ersatz et autres textes contre la civilisation moderne</em>, Paris, éditions de l’Encyclopédie des Nuisances, 1996.</p>\n
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"""
+post_date: "2025-12-29 20:04:00"
+post_excerpt: "Dans chaque numéro de Tchak, un mot. Un mot contemporain, que l’on prend le temps de creuser et de confronter à l’histoire. D’où vient-il ? Que charrie-t-il ? Et que dit-il de notre manière de voir le monde ? Cette fois : ersatz."
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+post_title: "Ersatz. L'histoire derrière le mot"
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+post_name: "ersatz-william-morris-histoire-derriere-le-mot"
+post_date_gmt: "2025-12-29 18:04:00"
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+post_modified: "2026-09-14 20:06:05"
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